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Wireless sensor networks are one of the first real world examples of pervasive computing, the notion that small, smart, and cheap sensing and computing devices will eventually permeate the environment. Though the technology is still in its early days, the range of potential applications is mind-boggling --- tracking bushfires, microclimates, monitoring zebras, for defense systems, letting businesses monitor and control their work spaces etc.
They present a range of computer systems challenges because they are closely coupled to the physical world with all its unpredictable variation, noise, and asynchrony; they involve many energy-constrained, resource-limited devices operating in concert; they must be largely self-organizing, self-maintaining and robust despite significant noise, loss, and failure.
This first-of-a-kind book covers several fundamental building blocks for sensor networks in substantial depth from a systems perspective. The book is organized in four parts.
Each topic covered in the book contains contributions from leading international researchers, several of whom initiated research on the topic they discuss.
This book can be used as a textbook or supplementary reading for graduate
level courses on sensor networks, or for self study by researchers and
engineering professionals.
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1. Introduction to Wireless Sensor Networks
1.1. The Push: Technological Advances
1.2. The Pull: Application Domains
1.3. Systems Challenges
1.4. Systems Taxonomy Scale Variability Autonomy
1.5. State-of-the-Art
1.5.1. Sensing and Actuation: Micro-electro Mechanical Systems
1.5.2. Energy
1.5.3. Wireless Communication
1.5.4. Embedded Devices
1.5.5. Operating Systems
1.5.6. Distributed Systems Architecture
1.6. Future Trends
PART II: NETWORK
ORGANIZATION
2.
Sensor Coverage and Deployment
Andrew Howard (NASA Jet
Propulsion Laboratories) and Sameera Poduri (
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Related Work
2.3. Sensor Node Capabilities
2.4. Potential Fields: Theory and Implication
2.5. Coverage
2.6. Constrained Coverage
2.7. Conclusion
3. Sensor Fault Detection and Calibration
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Continuous Valued Sensors
3.2.1.
3.2.2. Fault-tolerant Abstract Sensors
3.2.3. Fault-tolerant Sensor Averaging
3.2.4. Replicated Sensor Performance
3.2.5. Limitations
3.3. Correlated Sensing Modalities
3.4. Sensor Redundancy
3.4.1. Pairwise Calibration
3.4.2. Consistency Maximization
3.4.3. Discussion
3.5. Conclusion
4. Localization
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Application Requirements
4.3. Localization Systems Components
4.3.1. Measurement Techniques
4.3.2. System Architecture
4.3.3. Robust Positioning Algorithms
4.4. Recent Developments
4.5. Conclusion
5.
Time Synchronization
Saurabh Ganeriwal (
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Models for Time Synchronization
5.3. Sources of Delay
5.4. Approaches to Synchronization Algorithms
5.4.1. Sender-Receiver Synchronization
5.4.2. Receiver-Receiver Synchronization
5.4.3. Analysis
5.5. Protocols
5.5.1. Timing-Sync Protocol for Sensor Networks
5.5.2. Reference Broadcast Synchronization
5.5.3. Other Protocols
5.6. Discussion
5.6.1. Long-term Synchronization
5.7. Conclusion
6.
Energy Conservation at the Link and Network Layers
John Heidemann
and Wei Ye (USC
Information Sciences Institute)
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Radio Transmit Power Control
6.3. Medium Access Control
6.4. Topology Control Protocols: Between MAC and Routing
6.5. Routing
6.6. Energy Conservation in Today's and Tomorrow's Applications
6.7. Conclusion
7. Multi-hop Routing
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Multihop Routing for Data Gathering
7.2.1. Application Scenario: Data Gathering
7.2.2. Building the Data-Gathering Tree
7.2.3.
Clustering: From Tree to
7.2.4. Geographic Routing
7.3. Routing Components
7.3.1. Link Quality Estimation
7.3.2. Neighborhood Management under Limited Memory
7.3.3. Route Selection
7.3.4. Evaluation
7.4. Conclusion
8.
Reliable Transmission and Congestion Control
Ozgur Akan (Middle
Eastern
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Reliable Transmission
8.2.1. Physical-Layer Reliability
8.2.2. Link-layer Reliability
8.2.3. Network-Layer Reliability
8.2.4. Transport-Layer Reliability
8.3. Congestion Control
8.4. Conclusion
9.
Energy Harvesting-Aware Power Management
Aman Kansal and Mani Srivastava (
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Harvesting Technologies
9.2.1. Solar Energy
9.2.2. Vibration Energy
9.2.3. Other Sources
9.3. Description of the Components of a Harvesting Node
9.4. Harvesting-Aware Power Management
9.4.1. Harvesting Theory
9.4.2. Scheduling Algorithms
9.5. Distributed Harvesting
9.5.1. Communication Protocol
9.5.2. Distributed Power Management
9.6. Conclusion
10. Sensor
Coordinated Actuation
Gaurav
Sukhatme (
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Mobile Robot-Assisted Sensor Network Deployment and Repair
10.3. Using a Sensor Network to Mediate Robot Task-Allocation
10.3.1. Navigation
10.3.2. Task Allocation
10.4. Coupling Local Sampling and Robotic Mobility to Detect Properties of a Scalar Field
10.4.1.
Using a Large Number of
10.4.2.
Using a Small Number of
10.5. Related Work
10.6. Conclusion
11. Sensor
Network Tomography
Jerry Zhao (ICSI
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks
11.2.1. Design Challenges
11.2.2. Related Work
11.2.3. Sensor Network Tomography: A Monitoring Architecture
11.3. Sensor Network Scan and Digest
11.3.1. Design Principles
11.3.2. Sensor Network Scan: Taking a Global Snapshot
11.3.3. Sensor Network Digest: Collecting Vital System Metrics
11.4. Conclusion
PART III: MIDDLEWARE
12. Enabling
data-centric and event-centric communications
Wendi Heinzelmann,
Amy Murphy and Mark Perillo (
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Example Data- and Event-centric Applications
12.3. Architectures to Support QoS and Resource Management
12.4. Example Application Design Using a Cross-Layer Architecture
12.5. Discussion
13. Storage
issues in Sensor Networks
Deepak Ganesan
(
13.1. Introduction
13.2.
13.2.1. Geographic Routing
13.2.2. Geographic Hashing for Rendezvous
13.2.3. Hierarchical Indexing and Multi-resolution Processing
13.3. Taxonomy of Data Storage and Indexing Solutions
13.3.1. Local Storage and Geographical Search
13.3.2. Local Storage with Distributed Indexing
13.3.3. Multi-resolution Storage and Indexing
13.4. Distributed multi-resolution storage and search
13.5. Conclusion
14. A
Whole-Network Approach to Sensor Network Programming
Matt Welsh (
14.1. Introduction: Goals and Challenges
14.2. Proposed Approach: Macroprogramming
14.3. Abstract Regions: Energy-aware collective communications for macroprogramming
14.3.1. Abstract Regions Programming Model
14.3.2. Abstract-Region Implementations
14.3.3. Quality Feedback and Tuning Instructions
14.3.4. Application Examples
14.4. TinyDB
14.4.1. Query Language
14.4.2. Aggregation Queries
14.4.3. Query Dissemination and Result Collection
14.4.4. Query Processing
14.4.5. Communication Scheduling and Aggregate Queries
14.5. TASK
14.5.1. The Garden Deployment
14.6. Related Work
14.7. Future Directions
15. Sensor
Network Security, Privacy and Fault-tolerance
Jing Deng, Richard Han , Shivkant Mishra(
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Security Threats in WSNs
15.3. Design Goals and Challenges of WSN Security
15.4. Cryptographic Primitives
15.4.1. SPINS: Security Protocols for Sensor Networks
15.4.2. TinySec
15.4.3. Public-Key Schemes in a Sensor Node
15.5. Pair-wise Key Management
15.6. Secure and Fault-Tolerant WSN Routing
15.6.1. INSENS Intrusion-Tolerant Routing
15.6.2. Protecting the Base Station
15.6.3. Fault Tolerance
15.6.4. Securing Hierarchical Sensor-Network Communication
15.6.5. Defending against DoS Attacks during Data Delivery
15.7. Data Aggregation
15.8. Physical Protection
15.9. Privacy and Anonymity
15.10. Conclusion and Future Work
PART IV: APPLICATION-DRIVEN SYSTEMS
ARCHITECTURE
16. Habitat
monitoring with Zebranet: Design and Experience
P. Zhang, C.M. Sadler, T. Liu, I. Fischoff, Margaret Martonosi
, S.A. Lyon,
16.1. Introduction
16.2. Habitat Monitoring and Zebranet's Biology Goals
16.2.1. Wildlife Tracking and Habitat Research: Background
16.2.2. Habitat Monitoring and Mobile Sensors
16.3. Zebranet System Overview
16.3.1. Evolution of Our Hardware
16.4. The Impala Middleware System
16.4.1. Impala System Layers
16.4.2. Regular Operation Scheduling
16.4.3. Event-Handling Model
16.4.4. Communication Characteristics and Impala Networking
16.4.5. Time-slot-based Media Access Control
16.4.6. Impala Evaluations
16.5. Deployment
16.6. Related Work
16.7. Conclusion
17. SensorWebs in the Wild
Kevin A. Delin
(NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratories)
17.1. Introduction
17.2. The Sensor Web: A Different Type of Wireless Network
17.3. Sensor Web Pods
17.4. Sensor Web Deployments
17.5. Deployment Operations
17.6. The Future
18. Defense
Systems: Self-Healing Land Mines
William M. Merrill, Lewis Girod, Brian Schiffer, Dustin McIntire, Guillaume Rava,
Katayoun Sohrabi, Fredric
Newberg, Jeremy Elson and William Kaiser (Sensoria
Corporation)
18.1. Introduction
18.2. SHM System Need for a WSN and Program History
18.3. SHM Hardware
18.4. SHM Software
18.5. SHM Design Methodology
18.6. SHM Operation
18.7. Conclusion
19. Workplace
Applications of Sensor Networks
W. Steven
Conner (Intel Research and Development), John
Heidemann(USC Information Sciences Institute), Lakshman Krishnamurthy (Intel Research and
Development), Xi Wang (USC Information Sciences Institute), and Mark Yarvis (Intel Research and Development)
19.1. Introduction
19.2. Hardware for Workplace Sensor Network Deployment
19.2.1. Sensor Nodes
19.2.2. Display Nodes
19.2.3. Handheld Nodes
19.2.4. Gateway Nodes
19.3. Conference Room Application
19.3.1. Architecture and Operation
19.3.2. Application Challenges
19.3.3. Communication Protocols
19.4. Follow-Me Application
19.4.1. Hardware
19.4.2. Protocols
19.4.3. User Interaction
19.5. Other Applications
19.6.
Reusable Tools and Techniques
19.7.
Conclusions
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